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>Chemistry has influenced every sphere of human life. The principles of chemistry have been used for the benefit of mankind. Think of cleanliness — the materials like soaps, detergents, household bleaches, tooth pastes, etc. will come to our mind. Look towards the beautiful clothes — immediately chemicals of the synthetic fibres used for making clothes and chemicals giving colours to them will come to your mind. Food materials — again a number of chemicals will appear in the mind. Of course, sickness and diseases remind us of medicines — again chemicals. Explosives, fuels, rocket propellents, building and electronic materials, etc., are all chemicals. Chemistry has influenced our life so much that we do not even realise that we come across chemicals at every moment; that we ourselves are beautiful chemical creations and all our activities are controlled by chemicals.
>MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of drugs or medicines is known as medicinal chemistry.It involves designing and synthesis of drugs depending upon their working in our body.
>CHEMOTHERAPY
The branch of chemistry that deals with the treatment of diseases using suitable chemical substances is called chemotherapy.
MEDICINES OR DRUGS
>substances used to cure diseases and reduce pain are called medicines or drugs.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN MEDICINES AND DRUGS
In the language chemistry there is no difference between these two terms. However society and law have made a clear-cut distinction between these two terms as follow:
Medicine
It is a chemical substance which is used to cure a disease and does not causeaddiction.Moreover it has negligible or no side effects.E.g. Penicillin etc.
Drug
It is a chemical substance which is used to cure a disease but it also causes addiction and has serious side effects.E.g heroin etc.
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INTERACTION OF DRUGS WITH TARGETS
The drugs interact with biomolecules within the body like proteins,carbohydrates ,lipids and nucleic
acids.
These biomolecules are known as targets.when a drug is taken it travels
through the body in order to reach the target without being metabolized
inbetween.Some important drug targets are,receptros enzymes and carrier
proteins.Proteins that are crucial for communication system in the body
are called receptors. Receptors are
generally embedded in the cell
membranes. The drugs that enter the body tend to stimulate certain
receptors.
CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS:-
The chemical substances which are used to convey messages throughout the
body are called chemical messengers.In our body the message between two neurons and that between neurons and
the muscles is conveyed with
the help of these
messengers.These are received at the binding sites of the
receptors.Chemical messengers stimulate the receptors to produce an
effect that is they transmit
the message inside the
cell.These are of two types.
(a) HORMONES
:- The chemical substances
which are produced in endocrine glands are called hormones.
(b)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
The small molecules which help
in the transfer of nerve
messages are known as neurotransmitters.
AGONIST:- The drug which activates
a receptor to produce an effect is known as agonist.These drugs are useful when there is lack of
natural chemical messengers.
ANTAGONIST:- T he drugs which occupy the receptor site and inhibit its natural
function are known as antagonists.These drugs are useful when blocking
of message is required.
SIDE-EFFECT:- A drug causes side
effects when it binds to more than one type of receptors.
It acts on an enzyme and inhibits its activity.The
drugs which inhibit activity of enzymes are called enzyme
inhibitors.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDICIENS
ANALGESICS:-The medicines which are
used to relieve pains are called analgesics.E.g. novalgin,aspirin
etc.
ANTIPYRETICS:-The medicines which are used to lower temperature of the body in high
fever are called antipyretics.E.g. paracetamol,phenacetin etc.
ANTISEPTICS:- The medicines used to
kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms are called antiseptics.They
can be safely applied to the living tissues.E.g.Tincture of
iodine,savlon,dettol,boric acid etc.
DISINFECTANTS:- The chemical substances used to kill microorganisms but cannot be
applied to the living tissues are called disinfectants.E.g.
phenyl,harpic etc.
ANTIMALARIAL :-The drugs which are used for the treatment of malaria are called antimalarials.E.g.
Quinine,Chloroquine,Paraquine etc.
TRANQUILIZERS:-The medicines which are used to cure mental diseases are called tranquilizers.These are also known as psychotherapeutic drugs.E.g.
barbituric acid etc.
SEDATIVES :-The drugs which are used to suppress the acivities of central nervous system are called sedatives.These drugs provide feeling
of calmness,relaxation or drowsiness to the patients.E.g. valium
etc.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS:-The drugs which are used to cure patients from depression are called
antidepressants.These drugs produce feeling of well being and confidence
in the patients.Therefore these drugs are also known as mood booster drugs.E.g.vitalin,cocaine etc .
HYPNOTICS:-The drugs which are used to cure mental tension and anxiety ae called
hypnotics .
NARCOTICS:-
The drugs which relieve pain
and produce sleep and unconsciousness are called narcotics. The major disadvantage is that their continuous
use cause addiction .
ANTIBIOTICS:-The chemical substances
used kill microorganisms which
cause infection are called antibiotics.E.g. chlorophenicol etc.
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS:-
The antibiotics which are used to cure
a variety of diseases
because of their effectiveness against several types of harmful microorganisms are called broad spectrum antibiotics.
NARROW SPECTRUM ANITBIOTICS:- The antibiotics which are used to cure some selective diseases because of their effectiveness against only some specific type of
harmful
microorganisms
SULPHA DRUGS
:- The antibiotics which are used to cure bacterial diseases are called
sulpha drugs.These are also known as antibacterial
drugs.E.g.Sulphanilamide,Sulphaacetamide etc.
GERMICIDES:-
The chemical substances used to kill germs like fungi,virus,bacteria
etc.
ANTACIDS:-The medicines which are
used to cure acidity. These drugs neutralize the excessive amount of HCl
in stomach and raise the pH to appropriate level.E.g.Baking soda,
magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium oxide etc.
ANTIHISTAMINES:-The drugs which are used to treat allergy by neutralizing the effect
of histamine in the body are called anithistamines.These drugs are also
known as anti-allergic drugs.E.g.benadryl,avil etc.
ANAESTHETICS:- The drugs which are used to produce insensibility to pains and other
sensations are called anaesthetics.E.g. chloroform,diethyl ether
etc.
ANTIFERTILITY DRUGS:-The drugs which are used to check pregnancy are called antifertility
drugs.E.g. saheli etc.
NON-NARCOTICS(NON ADDICTIVE) :-
The drugs which relieve pain
and produce sleep and unconsciousness are called non-narcotics. Their prolonged use do not cause addiction.
ANTIGENS
:- The substances which cause
allergy are called antigens.
FOOD ADDITIVES
The chemical substances added to foods for their preservation and enhancing their appeal are called food additives. Some of them are as follow :-
(1)FOOD PRESERVATIVES:-The chemical substances which are added in food to prevent its spoilage are called preservatives. Food gets
spoiled due to spoilage of food due to microbial growth.
The most commonly used preservatives include table salt, sugar,
vegetable oils and sodium benzoate.
ARTIFICIAL SWEETING
AGENTS
:-The chemical substances
which are added in food to give sweetening effect.They enhance odour and
flavor of the food.E.g.
Saccharin,Aspartame,Alitame,Sucralose etc.
SOAPS
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids .They have
a polar head and a non-polar tail.
They are cleansing agents and used to clean fabrics and skin.E.g. Sodium
palmitate,Sodium stearate,Sodium oleate etc.
LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS OR HIGHER FATTY ACIDS
The carboxylic acids containing long chains of 16 to 18 carbon atoms are
called higher fatty acids.E.g.Palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH),Stearic acid
(C17H35COOH),Oleic acid (C17H33COOH) etc.
FATS AND OILS
The triesters of higher fatty
acids and glycerols are called
triglycerides .These triglycerides are commonly
known as fats and oils.
SAPONIFICATION:-
The process of preparation of soaps by hydrolysis of
fats and oils in the presence of alkalies is called
saponification.
Q : Write a short note on cleansing action of soap.
Ans :- CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP:- Soaps are sodium salts of long chain fatty acids .they have a polar head
and a non polar tail.
For example sodium sterate consists of non polar tail of long hydrocarbon
chain and a polar head of carboxylate ion and sodium Ions. The polar head
is water soluble whereas the non polar tail is soluble in organic
solvents. Due to the presence of grease or fats on the cloth ,the dust
particles get stick to the cloth and the cloth becomes dirty. When the
aqueous solution of soap is applied on the cloth the non polar end is
directed towards the oil or grease present on the cloth and the polar head
is directed towards the water. In this way each oil droplet is surrounded
by a large number of negatively
charged carboxylate ions to form an aggregate called Micelle .A large
numbers of micelles are formed during the process of washing. When cloth
is rubbed with hands or agitated with washing machine these micelles are
dispersed in the soapy water and dirt gets detached from the surface of
the cloth.
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DISADVANTAGES OF SOAPS
i) Soaps cannot be used in
hard water.
ii) Soaps cannot be used in acidic medium.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
Synthetic detergents are sodium salts of long chain alkyl sulphates or
long chain alkyl benzene sulphonates.
These are also known as soapless soaps because they possess cleansing
properties like soaps but do not conatin chemical composition like
soaps.These are non-biodegradable in nature and hence cause water
pollution.E.g. Sodium lauryl sulphate, Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate
etc.
BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
The detergents which have
straight-chain structures can be easily decomposed by microorganisms are known as biodegradable detergents.E.g. Sodium
lauryl sulphate,Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate etc.
NON-BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
The detergents which have
branched –chain structures
cannot be decomposed by microorganisms are known as non-biodegradable detergents.E.g.Sodium 4
– (1,3,5,7- tetramethyloctyl) benzene sulphonate etc.
TYPES OF DETERGENTS:-They are of three types.
1)
Anionic detergents :-The detergents which contain anionic hydrophilic group are called anionic
detergents.E.g. Sodium dodecy sulphate,Sodlium para dodecy benzene sulphonate etc.
2) Cationic detergents
:- The detergents containing cationic hydrophilic group are called
cationic detergents.E.g.Trimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride etc.
3) Non-ionic detergents
:-
The detergents which do not contain any ions are called non-ionic
detergents.
E.g. Lauryl alcohol ethoxylate,Polyethylene glycol strearate etc.
ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
1) They can be used in acidic medium.
2)They can be used in hard water.
3)They have stronger cleansing
action than soaps.
DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Some synthetic detergents are non-biodegradable and hence cause water
pollution .
Q:-Why do soaps not work in hard water? Or What is hard water?
Ans :- Water which does not produce lather with soap readily is
called hard water.Hard water
contains salts of calcium and magnesium.These salts are
bicarbonates,chlorides and sulphates.When hard water is treated with
soap,the ions present in it react with anions of fatty acids present in
soaps to form scum or curdy wihte precipitate.As a result of which lather
is not formed and a lot of soap gets wasted.
Q:-How do receptors transfer message to the cells? Explain.
Q:- Give the structural formula and IUPAC name of aspirin,paracetamol and
phenacetin.
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